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Shanghai's private businesses' labour costs rose 182% this year to an average 65,845 yuan, according to a recent report by the Shanghai Labour and Social Security Bureau. The report also found labour costs for all city enterprises increased 21% to 71,525 yuan. Labour costs include benefits administration, salaries, basic insurance fees, housing funds and a host of welfare benefits. State-owned companies registered the highest average labour costs, which climbed 19% to 81,651 yuan. Labour costs at collectively owned enterprises, mainly township enterprises where assets are owned jointly, were the lowest at 43,698 yuan. State-owned enterprises provided more benefits, such as: insurance, housing subsidies and welfare fees than other businesses. Salaries accounted for 64.4% of labour costs for state-owned enterprises, and 84.6% for private businesses. Foreign enterprises used employees the most efficiently, as their personnel expense rate - the ration between labour costs and sales - was 4.4%, the lowest of all, according to the report.
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